Protein synthesis

• START codon = AUG or GUG (rare)
• STOP codons = UAA, UAG, UGA
• Synthesisi of proteins activated by GTP hydrolisis
• Ribosome advance from 5' to 3' terminal
• tRNA activated by ATP

• Aminoglycosides inhibit initiation complex and produce misreading of mRNA
• Chloramphenicol inhibits 50S peptidyltransferase
• Macrolides and Clindamycin bind 50S blocking translocation

RNA processing (eukaryotes) and Splicing of mRNA

OCCURS IN THE NUCLEUS

OCCURS IN THE CYTOPLASM

• P bodies, storage and manage (regulates or turns over) the mRNA processed in the cytoplasm (UW 2035).
• LSE patients makes antibodies to splicesomal snRNPs.
• 3' splicesome terminal = AG

Glycolisis

Basics of Metabolism

Viral Genetics - Recombination vs Reassortment

Flu Shift and Drip

X-Linked Recessive Disorders

Mutations in DNA

1. SILENT: 3rd position = NO CHANGES
2. MISSENSE: all the misses world are "beuty" = similar.
• Similar structure of amino acids.
• Sickle Cell.
3. FRAMESHIFT: short protein and unfunctional.
4. NO SENSE: STOP codon.

Silent <  Missense < Frameshift < No sense

• It can occur in DNA or RNA.
• SPLICESOME: B-thalassemia, SLE, Marfan's, T-cell disease, Gaucher's

Lipid Transport Key Enzymes & Major Apolipoproteins

Focus in the mind map some concepts. For USMLE purposes, the fallowing information about Lipoproteins is consider High Yield:

• HDL: Apo-A1. It's the "cleaner A1", the best. It uses tools: L-CAT and CETP to celan.
• Acquire cholesterol from the vessels walls and transfer cholestero ester to IDL.
• Transfer Apo-E and Apo-CII to nascent chylomicrons and VLDLs.
• Chylomicron: ApoB-48:
• Carries dietary fat from the intestine to the blood.
• VLDL: ApoB-100.
• Carries newly made fat in the blood.
• IDL: ApoB-100. Remnant of VLDL.
• Deliver triglycerides to the adipose cells.
• LDL: ApoB-100.
• When the IDL particle accumulates cholesterol esters from the HDL, it becomes in LDL.